Hi Andrey, thanks for your quick answer.
I’m currently using Ventura 13.7.8. I send some files to the email you provided. I now noticed that they do behave differently after being copied from an external to a local drive. On the latter there is still no thumbnail shown and the metadata is missing but the photos can be opened without the “image is corrupted” message, although it sometimes does appear and sometimes it does not (even concerning the same photo).